Journal Description
Life
Life
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal related to fundamental themes in life sciences from basic to applied research, published monthly online by MDPI. The Spanish Association for Cancer Research (ASEICA) is affiliated with Life and its members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Biology) / CiteScore - Q1 (Paleontology)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 15.3 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.9 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2026).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Life.
Impact Factor:
3.9 (2025);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.9 (2025)
Latest Articles
Combination of Manuka Honey and Chitosan-Based Biomaterial for the Treatment of Dehisced Wound: Case Report
Life 2026, 16(8), 1279; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16081279 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2026
Abstract
Background: Surgical wound dehiscence (SWD) is defined as a complete or partial separation of the surgical incision site after surgery and represents a serious complication in soft tissue surgery. Case presentation: We present a clinical case of wound dehiscence in a
[...] Read more.
Background: Surgical wound dehiscence (SWD) is defined as a complete or partial separation of the surgical incision site after surgery and represents a serious complication in soft tissue surgery. Case presentation: We present a clinical case of wound dehiscence in a 7-month-old dachshund. The primary cause was an attack by another dog, leading to the development of a deep bite wound in the back area perforating the anus and numerous minor injuries in the same area. After initial treatment and apparently good general health, numerous necrotic foci were observed during wound cleaning on the 3rd day after treatment. The wound was subsequently revised and an experimentally developed biomaterial based on chitosan in combination with manuka honey was applied. The use of this combination resulted in an accelerated healing process and almost complete closure of the wound already on the 12th day after application. Conclusions: This case demonstrates and simultaneously points to the promising possibilities of using chitosan-based biomaterials and honey as natural products for the successful treatment of wounds and management of postoperative complications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stem Cell Biology, Tissue Formation, Cell Plasticity and Regenerative Medicine)
►
Show Figures
Open AccessArticle
Multidimensional Profiles of Microbial Contamination and Hygiene Risk Across Functional Areas in Family Hotels
by
Alexander Martens, Markus Schauer, Susanne Mair, Mohamad Motevalli and Brigitte König
Life 2026, 16(8), 1278; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16081278 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2026
Abstract
Microbial contamination in hospitality settings remains understudied despite the high density of human contact and diverse operational activities that characterize hotel environments. This study aimed to characterize microbial contamination patterns and environmental hygiene risks across multiple functional areas of family-oriented hotels. A cross-sectional
[...] Read more.
Microbial contamination in hospitality settings remains understudied despite the high density of human contact and diverse operational activities that characterize hotel environments. This study aimed to characterize microbial contamination patterns and environmental hygiene risks across multiple functional areas of family-oriented hotels. A cross-sectional environmental microbiological investigation was conducted in family hotels in Bavaria, Germany. A total of 225 environmental surface samples were collected from guest rooms, child areas, food-related areas, service environments, and water-exposed locations. Bacterial isolates were identified using culture-based microbiology and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Microbial prevalence, contamination severity, microbial richness, and pathogen prevalence were assessed using mixed-effects ordinal logistic regression, generalized additive model (GAM), and integrated hygiene profile, all performed in R (version 4.5.1). Microbial occurrence patterns differed markedly across functional areas. Contamination category distributions differed significantly among areas, with food-related environments showing the strongest enrichment in the highest contamination category (72.7%). Food-related areas showed significantly greater odds of severe contamination than guest rooms (OR = 8.37, 95% CI: 1.89–37.00), child areas (OR = 6.16, 95% CI: 1.20–31.46), and water-exposed environments (OR = 12.34, 95% CI: 2.45–62.10). Microbial richness differed across operational zones (p = 0.048) and was positively associated with contamination severity (β = 0.141, p < 0.001). GAM revealed a significant non-linear richness–contamination relationship (p < 0.001). Integrated hygiene profile consistently identified food-related and service areas as the highest risk environments. Environmental hygiene risks in hospitality settings display functional-area heterogeneity, highlighting the need for targeted, area-specific hygiene management strategies.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Microbiology)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
pK Values of the Cofactor Tune the Redox Regime of Flavoenzymes
by
Wolfgang Nitschke, Simon Duval, Kilian Zuchan, Jostin Monge-Ruiz, Frauke Baymann and Barbara Schoepp-Cothenet
Life 2026, 16(8), 1277; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16081277 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2026
Abstract
Across the diverse family of flavoenzymes, the isoalloxazine cofactor was found to display extremely diverse redox properties, both with respect to the absolute value of the potential regime wherein it operates and to its redox cooperativity, that is, the relative positioning of its
[...] Read more.
Across the diverse family of flavoenzymes, the isoalloxazine cofactor was found to display extremely diverse redox properties, both with respect to the absolute value of the potential regime wherein it operates and to its redox cooperativity, that is, the relative positioning of its individual 1-electron transitions. Taking together electrochemical data and 3D structural information reported for selected representatives of the flavoenzyme family, we assessed the contribution of pK value modifications at the three protonatable nitrogens of the isoalloxazine moiety. While the absolute value of the redox regime appears only weakly dependent on such pK modifications, the diversity of redox cooperativity is readily rationalized by (protein-induced) stabilization/destabilization of the proton primarily on N5 and to lesser degrees on N1 and N3. The mathematical formalism underlying the interdependence of pK values and redox midpoint potentials is subsequently extended to representatives of the family featuring extremely positive redox cooperativity (i.e., the electron bi/confurcating flavoenzymes). Observed structural idiosyncrasies of these cases were found to rationalize the extremely strong inversion (ΔE ≪ −800 mV) of 1-electron midpoint potentials in the framework of this formalism.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry, Biophysics and Computational Biology)
Open AccessArticle
Variations on a Theme: Morphological Variability and Insular Adaptations in the Pleistocene Hippopotamuses of the Siculo-Maltese Archipelago
by
Antonella Cinzia Marra
Life 2026, 16(8), 1276; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16081276 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2026
Abstract
The Pleistocene hippopotamuses of the Siculo-Maltese Archipelago are re-examined through the study of historical collections and newly recovered material. Fossils attributed to Hippopotamus pentlandi and Hippopotamus melitensis were described anatomically and compared morphologically and morphometrically with the continental species Hippopotamus antiquus and Hippopotamus
[...] Read more.
The Pleistocene hippopotamuses of the Siculo-Maltese Archipelago are re-examined through the study of historical collections and newly recovered material. Fossils attributed to Hippopotamus pentlandi and Hippopotamus melitensis were described anatomically and compared morphologically and morphometrically with the continental species Hippopotamus antiquus and Hippopotamus amphibius. Comparison with the continental taxa confirms the mosaic of characters that has long complicated the identification of the ancestral taxon of Hippopotamus pentlandi. At the same time, the Sicilian hippopotamus is shown to possess a distinctive skeletal organization, combining a shortened, more gracile skull with shortened, robust limbs. Most of the Maltese material falls within the range of Hippopotamus pentlandi, although it shows a general trend towards smaller size. The available record remains insufficient to determine the characters of Hippopotamus melitensis as a distinct endemic taxon, while the occurrence of Hippopotamus pentlandi in Malta cannot be excluded. The anatomical pattern documented here provides the morphological basis for future phylogenetic analyses of the Mediterranean insular hippopotamuses.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Back to Basics in Palaeontology: 2nd Edition)
Open AccessSystematic Review
Interventions for Visual Field Loss After Acquired Brain Injury: A Systematic Review
by
Naiara Díaz-Marín, Carmen López-de-la-Fuente, Yolanda Marcén, Jorge Pérez-Rey, Carmen Bilbao and María José López-de-la-Fuente
Life 2026, 16(8), 1275; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16081275 - 31 Jul 2026
Abstract
Acquired brain injury (ABI) frequently results in visual field loss, a disabling condition that negatively affects visual exploration, reading, mobility, activities of daily living, and quality of life. This systematic review aimed to synthesise current evidence on the effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions for
[...] Read more.
Acquired brain injury (ABI) frequently results in visual field loss, a disabling condition that negatively affects visual exploration, reading, mobility, activities of daily living, and quality of life. This systematic review aimed to synthesise current evidence on the effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions for visual field loss following ABI. The review was conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines and prospectively registered in PROSPERO (registration number: CRD420261359820). Four electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ProQuest) were searched for studies published between January 2015 and May 2026. Twenty-eight studies met the eligibility criteria, including randomised controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies, and case series. Interventions were classified as compensatory, substitutive, or restorative, the latter including neuromodulation techniques. Compensatory interventions provided the most consistent evidence of benefit, improving visual exploration, reading, mobility, activities of daily living, and vision-related quality of life. Restorative interventions produced more variable findings, with some studies reporting improvements in visual field sensitivity and stimulus detection, whereas evidence for substitutive approaches was limited because few eligible studies were identified. Overall, functional improvements were reported more consistently than objective visual field expansion. Current evidence supports visual rehabilitation as an important component of ABI management, although further high-quality research using standardised protocols and outcome measures is needed to establish the most effective interventions for different patient populations.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanisms and Treatment of Eye and Vision Conditions)
►▼
Show Figures

Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
The Impact of Levetiracetam on Various Symptoms of Morphine Dependence in Mice
by
Piotr Listos, Krzysztof Fronc, Antonina Mazur, Mateusz Bosiacki, Jolanta Kotlińska, Tymoteusz Słowik and Joanna Listos
Life 2026, 16(8), 1274; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16081274 - 31 Jul 2026
Abstract
Levetiracetam (LEV) is an antiepileptic drug and is used in the management of various types of seizures and other clinical conditions, including anxiety and neuropathic pain. Its unique mechanism primarily involves selective interaction with synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A), which stabilizes synaptic function
[...] Read more.
Levetiracetam (LEV) is an antiepileptic drug and is used in the management of various types of seizures and other clinical conditions, including anxiety and neuropathic pain. Its unique mechanism primarily involves selective interaction with synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A), which stabilizes synaptic function and the release of neurotransmitters. The objective of the present study was to evaluate LEV activity in morphine (MPH) dependence. In mice, LEV was used at doses ranging from 31.25 to 125 mg/kg, depending on the experimental paradigm. It was studied in three schedules: (1) MPH tolerance to antinociceptive effects (the hot plate test—HPT); (2) MPH withdrawal signs, manifested as jumps, induced by naloxone (NAL)—2 mg/kg, i.p.; (3) MPH sensitization to locomotor activity. In this study, LEV reduced MPH tolerance to analgesic effects. Moreover, LEV diminished the intensity of NAL-precipitated MPH withdrawal signs. This drug was also effective in attenuating MPH-induced sensitization. These findings suggest that LEV may modulate behavioral adaptations associated with repeated MPH exposure. However, further mechanistic studies are required to identify the molecular and neurochemical pathways involved in these effects.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)
Open AccessArticle
Dietary Energy–Protein Balance Regulates Slaughter Traits, Meat Quality, Digestive Enzyme Activity, and Fecal Microbiota in Early-Weaned Gray-Feathered King Pigeon Squabs
by
Yuanhao Li, Xiaobin Li, Huiguo Yang, Haiying Li, Yafei Liang, Mingcong Ding, Aikemu Maimaitijiang, Jie Ren, Honglei Sun and Jiajia Liu
Life 2026, 16(8), 1273; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16081273 - 31 Jul 2026
Abstract
Early-weaned squabs are sensitive to dietary energy–protein supply, but combined effects remain unclear. We tested metabolizable energy (ME; 11.9, 12.2, and 12.5 MJ/kg) and crude protein (CP; 18, 19, and 20%) in 216 15-day-old gray-feathered King pigeon (Columba livia domestica) squabs
[...] Read more.
Early-weaned squabs are sensitive to dietary energy–protein supply, but combined effects remain unclear. We tested metabolizable energy (ME; 11.9, 12.2, and 12.5 MJ/kg) and crude protein (CP; 18, 19, and 20%) in 216 15-day-old gray-feathered King pigeon (Columba livia domestica) squabs using a 3 × 3 factorial design. Higher ME increased abdominal fat percentage, whereas CP affected slaughter traits. ME × CP interactions occurred for live weight, liver index, breast and leg muscle quality, and most digestive enzyme activities. At 18% CP, live weight was significantly higher at 12.5 than at 12.2 MJ/kg ME, whereas the opposite numerical trend occurred at 19% CP. Liver index was lower at 18% CP + 11.9 MJ/kg ME than at 18% CP + 12.2 MJ/kg ME. At 12.5 MJ/kg ME, breast muscle a* was lower at 20% CP than at 18% or 19% CP. Enzyme activities were generally highest at 20% CP + 11.9 MJ/kg ME. Targeted 16S rRNA sequencing associated the highest-energy/lowest-protein treatment with Lactobacillus-related taxa, whereas the opposite treatment showed higher diversity and greater contributions of Pseudomonadota- and Enterobacterales-related taxa. Responses were trait-specific; microbial findings represent associations between two contrasting diets.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Science)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Bioactive Compounds from Mangrove-Associated Fungi as Leads Against ESKAPE Pathogens
by
Shivankar Agrawal, Laurent Dufosse, Sunil Kumar Deshmukh and Shilpa A. Verekar
Life 2026, 16(8), 1272; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16081272 - 31 Jul 2026
Abstract
The rapid emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among bacterial pathogens, particularly the ESKAPE group (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.), represents one of the most pressing global public
[...] Read more.
The rapid emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among bacterial pathogens, particularly the ESKAPE group (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.), represents one of the most pressing global public health challenges, contributing to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. The limited development of new antibiotic classes over the past two decades has intensified the search for structurally novel antimicrobial agents and adjuvants capable of overcoming multidrug resistance. Natural products continue to serve as an invaluable source of anti-infective drug leads owing to their remarkable structural diversity and broad spectrum of biological activities. Mangrove ecosystems, located at the interface of terrestrial and marine environments, harbor highly diverse microbial communities, including fungi that have evolved under extreme environmental conditions and produce a wide range of unique secondary metabolites. Beyond their ecological significance, mangrove-associated fungi have emerged as prolific producers of bioactive compounds with promising antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant pathogens. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances (2018–2026) in the discovery of antibacterial metabolites from mangrove-associated fungi active against ESKAPE pathogens, which discusses their structural diversity, reported antimicrobial activities, and emerging strategies for accelerating natural product discovery, including genome mining, metabolomics, OSMAC, adaptive laboratory evolution, and artificial intelligence-assisted approaches. A total of 139 chemically distinct metabolites (Compounds 1–139) isolated from mangrove-associated fungi are critically reviewed, highlighting their potential as promising leads for the development of next-generation antimicrobial agents against ESKAPE pathogens.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Natural Products: From Exploration to Therapeutic Potential)
Open AccessArticle
A Clinical Practice Framework for Ultrasound-Informed Multimodal Management of Post-Stroke Spasticity: A Proof-of-Concept Case
by
Emanuela Elena Mihai, Matei Teodorescu, Eugenio Moita Gonçalves, Rajiv Reebye and Mihai Berteanu
Life 2026, 16(8), 1271; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16081271 - 31 Jul 2026
Abstract
Background: Stroke remains a leading cause of long-term disability worldwide. Post-stroke spasticity (PSS) is increasingly recognized as a complex complication resulting from the interaction between neural hyperexcitability and non-neural muscular adaptations, including fibrosis, altered muscle architecture, and increased stiffness. Consequently, effective management requires
[...] Read more.
Background: Stroke remains a leading cause of long-term disability worldwide. Post-stroke spasticity (PSS) is increasingly recognized as a complex complication resulting from the interaction between neural hyperexcitability and non-neural muscular adaptations, including fibrosis, altered muscle architecture, and increased stiffness. Consequently, effective management requires a comprehensive approach targeting both components. Musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSK US) has emerged as a practical tool for muscle characterization, treatment targeting, and longitudinal monitoring within neurorehabilitation programs. Aim: To propose a clinical practice framework integrating serial MSK US into multimodal PSS management and to illustrate its application through a proof-of-concept clinical case. Methods: The proposed framework combines standardized clinical assessment, serial MSK US evaluation, BoNT-A injections, physical modalities (neuromuscular electrical stimulation and extracorporeal shock wave therapy), and task-oriented rehabilitation. Ultrasound findings, including muscle echogenicity, architecture, and Modified Heckmatt Scale (MHS) characteristics, were integrated with clinical outcomes and rehabilitation goals to support individualized decision-making. Results: Serial MSK US provided complementary information regarding muscle quality and potential non-neural contributors to spasticity syndrome, supporting treatment planning and follow-up. Although only modest morphological changes were observed over time, the illustrative case showed favorable changes in clinical assessments including spasticity, motor performance, gait, and functional independence following the multimodal intervention. Conclusions: This proof-of-concept framework highlights the potential role of serial MSK US as a practical decision-support and monitoring tool within multimodal PSS management. Integrating clinical assessment with ultrasound-informed evaluation of both neural and non-neural components may facilitate more individualized rehabilitation strategies and optimize functional outcomes. Further studies are warranted to validate and standardize this approach.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Motor Deficits Caused by Neurological Disorders: From Mechanism to Treatment)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Beyond Corticosteroids: Ultrasound-Guided Regenerative and Hydrodissection Therapies for Adhesive Capsulitis
by
Chih-Ya Chang, Yen-Sheng Lin, Po-Yin Chen and Li-Wei Chou
Life 2026, 16(8), 1270; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16081270 - 31 Jul 2026
Abstract
Adhesive capsulitis (AC) is a common fibroinflammatory shoulder disorder, affecting 2–5% of the general population and up to 20% of people with diabetes mellitus. Although historically considered self-limiting, the course frequently exceeds two years and imposes a substantial functional burden. Intra-articular corticosteroids remain
[...] Read more.
Adhesive capsulitis (AC) is a common fibroinflammatory shoulder disorder, affecting 2–5% of the general population and up to 20% of people with diabetes mellitus. Although historically considered self-limiting, the course frequently exceeds two years and imposes a substantial functional burden. Intra-articular corticosteroids remain the predominant first-line option, but their benefit is often short-lived and is offset by transient hyperglycemia in diabetic patients, potential tissue toxicity with repeated use, and limited durability. These limitations have prompted interest in non-steroidal, ultrasound-guided alternatives. This narrative review appraises two complementary strategies: ultrasound-guided regenerative injectates (hyaluronic acid, hypertonic dextrose prolotherapy, and platelet-rich plasma) and ultrasound-guided perineural hydrodissection of the suprascapular, axillary, and subscapular nerves. We summarize comparative efficacy with corticosteroids, durability, injection anatomy, and the subgroups most likely to benefit. We then propose—explicitly as a clinically defensible framework rather than a validated guideline—a phase-specific paradigm in which a timely non-steroidal injection provides early pain control while stage-appropriate rehabilitation drives functional recovery. The hypothesis that this sequence may compress the symptomatic course to approximately three to six months is supported by preliminary evidence and requires prospective validation. Because no head-to-head trial has compared the proposed paradigm with the corticosteroid-first standard, these recommendations warrant corresponding caution.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ultrasound-Guided Interventions and Advances in Musculoskeletal Disorders)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Explainable AI for Image-Based Auxiliary Assessment of Radiation Pneumonitis on Post-Treatment CT Images Using GAN Grad-CAM and Ensemble Learning Techniques
by
Tsair-Fwu Lee, Guang-Zhi Lin, Wen-Ping Yun, Yi-Lun Liao, Liyun Chang, Chao-Hong Liu, Cheng-Shie Wuu, Yu-Chang Hu, Yu-Wei Lin, Pei-Ju Chao and Yang-Wei Hsieh
Life 2026, 16(8), 1269; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16081269 - 31 Jul 2026
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to develop a preliminary explainable image-based auxiliary assessment framework for radiation pneumonitis (RP) by integrating a generative adversarial network (GAN), Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM), and ensemble learning to improve image-based classification performance, interpretability, and computational efficiency. Methods: Chest
[...] Read more.
Objective: This study aims to develop a preliminary explainable image-based auxiliary assessment framework for radiation pneumonitis (RP) by integrating a generative adversarial network (GAN), Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM), and ensemble learning to improve image-based classification performance, interpretability, and computational efficiency. Methods: Chest CT images from 46 lung cancer patients who underwent VMAT were retrospectively collected, yielding 542 RP and 1857 non-RP images. Images were preprocessed using Otsu-based segmentation and standardized before being input into the RP-GAN for feature extraction. Grad-CAM was applied to qualitatively visualize attention patterns across convolutional layers and guide feature-layer selection, while PCA reduced the extracted features from 12,288 to 730 dimensions. An ensemble stacking classifier combining RF, SVM, KNN, and XGBoost with logistic regression as a meta-learner was constructed. Model performance was evaluated using AUC, accuracy, PPV, NPV, specificity, recall, and F1-score. Results: Grad-CAM highlighted conv2d_4 and conv2d_5 as the most informative layers. PCA reduced training time from 49 min to 49 s with minimal performance loss. In the internal hold-out test set, the ensemble model achieved the highest point estimates for AUC and accuracy among the evaluated classifiers (AUC = 0.921; accuracy = 87.1%). The model identified RP-positive CT slices and provided qualitative visual cues for suspected RP-related regions. Conclusions: The proposed GAN–Grad-CAM ensemble framework showed promising internal classification performance for post-treatment CT-based RP image assessment with substantially improved computational efficiency. Its qualitative visual outputs may support clinical image review, although further external validation and quantitative localization assessment are required before clinical application as an auxiliary image-review tool.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Biomedical Diagnostics and Prognostics)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Prunella vulgaris Compound Improves Sleep Architecture and Attenuates Hippocampal Injury in Insomnia Mice
by
Kai Wang, Haojia Zhang, Chang Zhou, Zijin Sun, Wei Shao, Kunjing Liu, Wenyuan Ma, Chunyu Wang, Xueqian Wang, Qingguo Wang, Yanyan Jiang and Fafeng Cheng
Life 2026, 16(8), 1268; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16081268 - 31 Jul 2026
Abstract
Insomnia is associated with disrupted sleep architecture, hippocampal pathological alterations, neurotransmitter imbalance, and neuroinflammatory responses. This study evaluated the effects of the Prunella vulgaris compound (PVC) on sleep architecture and hippocampal alterations in p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA)-induced insomnia model mice and examined their association with
[...] Read more.
Insomnia is associated with disrupted sleep architecture, hippocampal pathological alterations, neurotransmitter imbalance, and neuroinflammatory responses. This study evaluated the effects of the Prunella vulgaris compound (PVC) on sleep architecture and hippocampal alterations in p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA)-induced insomnia model mice and examined their association with NLRP3-related pyroptotic signaling. PVC was characterized using UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS and targeted HPLC quantification. PCPA-induced insomnia models were established in ICR and C57BL/6N mice for pharmacodynamic and molecular assessments and EEG/EMG recording, respectively. Sleep outcomes were assessed using the pentobarbital-induced sleep test and EEG/EMG; hippocampal histomorphology, neurotransmitters, and inflammasome- and pyroptosis-related markers were evaluated using histological, biochemical, RT-qPCR, and Western blot analyses. UPLC-MS tentatively characterized 198 constituents, and salviaflaside, rosmarinic acid, and linarin were quantified by HPLC. PVC shortened sleep latency, prolonged sleep duration, reduced wakefulness, increased NREM and REM sleep, and improved sleep continuity. It also attenuated hippocampal histomorphological alterations; modulated 5-HT, GABA, glutamate, and dopamine levels; and reduced NLRP3 inflammasome- and pyroptosis-related markers together with IL-1β and IL-18. PVC improved insomnia-like phenotypes and attenuated hippocampal pathological alterations in PCPA-induced insomnia model mice. These effects were associated with improved sleep architecture and neurotransmitter homeostasis and with reduced NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD-related signaling.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic Effects of Natural Products on Human Diseases—3rd Edition)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessSystematic Review
Systematic Review of Antimicrobial Therapies and Clinical Outcomes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections
by
Silvijus Abramavičius, Dalia Akramienė, Tashfeen Tashfeen, Dovilė Abramavičienė and Edgaras Stankevičius
Life 2026, 16(8), 1267; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16081267 - 31 Jul 2026
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunistic pathogen associated with diverse healthcare-associated infections and increasing antimicrobial resistance. This systematic review evaluated antimicrobial treatment regimens, clinical outcomes, and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) considerations in P. aeruginosa infections. A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. PubMed/MEDLINE
[...] Read more.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunistic pathogen associated with diverse healthcare-associated infections and increasing antimicrobial resistance. This systematic review evaluated antimicrobial treatment regimens, clinical outcomes, and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) considerations in P. aeruginosa infections. A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. PubMed/MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library were searched for studies published between January 2000 and March 2026. Data on antimicrobial therapies, clinical and microbiological outcomes, and PK/PD parameters were extracted. Study quality was assessed using the NHLBI quality assessment tool. Narrative synthesis was performed for all eligible studies, and a quantitative meta-analysis was conducted for studies with standardized outcome data. Of the 982 records identified, 249 studies met the inclusion criteria, and 34 were included in the quantitative meta-analysis. The evidence base was highly heterogeneous regarding study design, patient populations, infection types, and treatment regimens. Respiratory infections, particularly in cystic fibrosis patients, accounted for most studies. Quantitative synthesis showed no consistent superiority of any antimicrobial regimen (or combination of them), while treatment outcomes were influenced by infection characteristics, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and PK/PD factors. No universally superior antimicrobial regimen was identified for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Some novel and promising treatment options have been identified, such as anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS monoclonal antibody panobacumab and inhaled Clostridium butyricum delivered via oxygen-driven nebulization. Two novel treatment modalities did not yield a clinically relevant effect, namely, the bispecific monoclonal antibody MEDI3902 (gremubamab) and the IC43 Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine. Treatment effectiveness appears to depend on clinical context, antimicrobial susceptibility, and PK/PD considerations, highlighting the need for further standardized research.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pulmonary Disease and Transplant Pathology: From Molecular Mechanisms to Diagnosis)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Association Between Age and Severity of Acute Appendicitis in Adults
by
Liviu Vasile, Laurențiu Augustus Barbu, Nicolae-Dragoș Mărgăritescu, Stelian-Stefaniță Mogoantă, Tiberiu Stefăniță Țenea Cojan and Gabriel Florin Răzvan Mogoș
Life 2026, 16(8), 1266; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16081266 - 31 Jul 2026
Abstract
Background: Early identification of complicated appendicitis remains challenging, particularly in elderly patients who often present with atypical symptoms and delayed diagnosis. This study evaluated the association between age, inflammatory markers, and the severity of acute appendicitis. Methods: This retrospective comparative study
[...] Read more.
Background: Early identification of complicated appendicitis remains challenging, particularly in elderly patients who often present with atypical symptoms and delayed diagnosis. This study evaluated the association between age, inflammatory markers, and the severity of acute appendicitis. Methods: This retrospective comparative study included 311 adult patients (182 males, 58.5%, and 129 females, 41.5%) who underwent appendectomy between January 2020 and December 2024. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were analyzed. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed to assess the association between age and complicated appendicitis. Results: Complicated appendicitis was identified in 120 patients (38.6%). Patients with complicated appendicitis were significantly older than those with uncomplicated disease (49.53 ± 16.85 vs. 39.53 ± 17.58 years, p < 0.001). In the prespecified multivariable logistic regression model including age, sex, leukocyte count, and C-reactive protein (CRP), increasing age remained significantly associated with complicated appendicitis (adjusted OR 1.25 per 10-year increase, 95% CI 1.10–1.45, p = 0.002). Leukocyte count (adjusted OR 1.05 per 1000/mm3 increase, 95% CI 1.02–1.08, p < 0.001) and CRP (adjusted OR 1.12 per 10 mg/L increase, 95% CI 1.08–1.16, p < 0.001) were also significantly associated with complicated appendicitis in the multivariable model, whereas male sex was not. ROC analysis showed poor-to-modest discriminatory ability of age for distinguishing uncomplicated from complicated appendicitis (AUC = 0.669, 95% CI: 0.609–0.731), indicating that age alone has limited value as a standalone predictor. Conclusions: Although increasing age remained significantly associated with complicated appendicitis after adjustment for sex, leukocyte count, and C-reactive protein (CRP), the adjustment was limited to variables consistently available in this retrospective dataset. Therefore, residual confounding cannot be excluded, and the observed association should not be interpreted as evidence of a fully independent effect. Furthermore, the discriminatory performance of age was only modest (AUC = 0.669), indicating that age should not be used as a standalone predictor and should be interpreted within the overall clinical context.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anesthesia and Critical Care)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Microbiota and Methylglyoxal-Derived AGEs: Implications in Ageing and Age-Related Disease
by
Niki Tombolesi, Emanuele Francini, Gretta Veronica Badillo-Pazmay, Carlo Fortunato, Francesca Marchegiani, Fabiola Olivieri, Stefania Fumarola, Rosanna Maniscalco and Giulia Matacchione
Life 2026, 16(8), 1265; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16081265 - 30 Jul 2026
Abstract
Ageing is characterized by progressive metabolic and inflammatory dysregulation, in which methylglyoxal (MGO), a highly reactive dicarbonyl by-product of glycolysis, is involved in the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). This review provides an integrated overview of the bidirectional relationship between MGO-derived
[...] Read more.
Ageing is characterized by progressive metabolic and inflammatory dysregulation, in which methylglyoxal (MGO), a highly reactive dicarbonyl by-product of glycolysis, is involved in the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). This review provides an integrated overview of the bidirectional relationship between MGO-derived carbonyl stress and the gut microbiota, focusing on its implications for ageing and age-related diseases. We summarize current evidence on MGO production, clearance, tissue distribution, and reactivity, with particular attention to the intestinal lumen as a site where dietary compounds, host metabolism, and microbial activity converge. Age-related dysbiosis may impair intestinal barrier integrity, alter microbial metabolite production, and promote chronic low-grade inflammation, thereby reinforcing metabolic dysfunction and favoring free MGO accumulation. Conversely, MGO and AGEs can reshape microbial communities, compromise epithelial tight junctions, and amplify inflammatory signalling through receptor-dependent and independent mechanisms. Evidence from in vitro, animal, and clinical studies supports a role for the MGO–microbiota axis in metabolic, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, neurodegenerative, and frailty-related conditions. Targeting microbiota composition, intestinal barrier function, and MGO scavenging pathways may therefore represent a promising strategy to mitigate carbonyl stress and preserve health during ageing.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Glyoxalase Pathway: Implications for Oxidative Stress Management in Cancer Therapy and in Age-Related Disease)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
A First-Trimester Serum Proteomic Signature for Early Prediction of Preeclampsia: Integrated Untargeted and Targeted Mass Spectrometry with Machine Learning
by
Natalia Starodubtseva, Alina Poluektova, Alisa Tokareva, Alexey Kononikhin, Alexander Brzhozovskiy, Anna Bugrova, Evgenii Kukaev, Zulfiya Khodzhaeva, Evgeny Nikolaev and Gennady Sukhikh
Life 2026, 16(8), 1264; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16081264 - 30 Jul 2026
Abstract
First-trimester prediction of preeclampsia (PE) remains a major clinical challenge, particularly outside specialized fetal medicine centers. This study aimed to identify and validate serum protein biomarkers for early PE prediction using an integrated proteomic approach. A prospective cohort of 64 first-trimester singleton pregnancies
[...] Read more.
First-trimester prediction of preeclampsia (PE) remains a major clinical challenge, particularly outside specialized fetal medicine centers. This study aimed to identify and validate serum protein biomarkers for early PE prediction using an integrated proteomic approach. A prospective cohort of 64 first-trimester singleton pregnancies (32 future PE cases, 32 matched controls) was analyzed. Untargeted proteomics was performed using DIA-PASEF-MS, followed by targeted cross-platform verification with MRM-MS. Machine learning classifiers (support vector machines, SVM, and random forest) were trained on differentially abundant proteins (FDR < 0.01, VIP > 1.5). DIA-MS identified 33 protein markers associated with complement activation, IGF transport regulation, and platelet degranulation. An SVM model with a linear kernel achieved 95% accuracy (AUC = 0.95, sensitivity = 95%, specificity = 97%). Four markers (AFM, AHSG, C8A, IGHG1) were confirmed across platforms, confirming the discovery findings. Cross-platform correlation was high: 71% of overlapping proteins showed r > 0.5 (p < 0.001), with the highest concordance observed for potential PE marker AHSG (r = 0.8, p < 0.001). PRSS1, IGHV1-4, and SERPINC1 showed a strong correlation with proteinuria (|r| > 0.5, p < 0.05), linking the proteomic signature to clinical severity. Integrated DIA-MS and MRM-MS proteomics yields a reproducible, high-performance serum signature for first-trimester PE prediction. The identified markers reflect core pathophysiological pathways and offer potential to augment current FMF-based screening algorithms.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Mass Spectrometry-Based Multi-Omics in Biomedical Research)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
Identifying Choroidal Neovascularization-Associated Genes with GenePlexus in a Protein–Protein Interaction Network
by
Lihua Liu, Yuhang Zhang, Feiming Huang, Yusheng Bao and Jian Zhang
Life 2026, 16(8), 1263; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16081263 - 30 Jul 2026
Abstract
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a common and serious complication in various retinal diseases that involves the growth of new blood vessels from the choroid into the subretinal space, leading to a visual threat. Its underlying mechanism has not been fully uncovered. Discovering new
[...] Read more.
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a common and serious complication in various retinal diseases that involves the growth of new blood vessels from the choroid into the subretinal space, leading to a visual threat. Its underlying mechanism has not been fully uncovered. Discovering new genes related to CNV is an important way to reveal its molecular mechanisms. In this study, we used DisGeNET as the initial data source to identify genes related to CNV. The gene cluster method and additional screening tests were designed to explore the genetic landscape related to CNV. Our comprehensive analysis revealed many genes with high confidence, specifically identifying novel candidates that traditional topological methods missed. Notably, we identified SERPINE1, COL1A1, and ANGPT1 as unique gene signatures using our network embedding approach. Functionally, SERPINE1 regulates the plasminogen activation system to control proteolytic balance, COL1A1 maintains the structural integrity of the extracellular matrix during invasion, and ANGPT1 is critical for the maturation and stabilization of nascent vessels. Meanwhile, some genes were also identified by other methods, such as MMP2, a regulator of extracellular matrix degradation. The newly found genes are essential for understanding the process that initiates CNV.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence in Molecular Biomedicine: From Multi-Omics Integration to Therapeutic Innovation)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessCase Report
Eosinophilic Duodenitis and Jejunitis with Ascites and Peripheral Eosinophilia: A Diagnostic Challenge—Case Report
by
Oana-Bogdana Barboi, Constantin Simiras, Radu-Alexandru Vulpoi, Diana-Elena Floria, Vadim Rosca, Delia Gabriela Ciobanu-Apostol, Corina Hincu and Vasile-Liviu Drug
Life 2026, 16(8), 1262; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16081262 - 30 Jul 2026
Abstract
Background: Eosinophilic jejuno-duodenitis is a rare inflammatory disorder characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract, with highly variable clinical presentations. Mucosal eosinophilic duodenitis and jejunitis associated with ascites is uncommon and may mimic inflammatory or neoplastic conditions. Case Presentation: A 26-year-old
[...] Read more.
Background: Eosinophilic jejuno-duodenitis is a rare inflammatory disorder characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract, with highly variable clinical presentations. Mucosal eosinophilic duodenitis and jejunitis associated with ascites is uncommon and may mimic inflammatory or neoplastic conditions. Case Presentation: A 26-year-old male presented with persistent left-sided abdominal pain without bowel habit changes. Laboratory investigations revealed only slight inflammatory syndrome and peripheral eosinophilia. Contrast-enhanced abdominopelvic computed tomography demonstrated minimal ascites and circumferential wall thickening with contrast enhancement of duodenal and jejunal loops in the left flank. Given the nonspecific imaging findings, differential diagnoses included Crohn’s disease, intestinal lymphoma, and infectious enteritis. Endoscopic evaluation with histopathological analysis confirmed dense eosinophilic infiltration of the duodenal and jejunal mucosa, establishing the diagnosis of eosinophilic jejuno-duodenitis after exclusion of secondary causes. Management and Outcome: The patient was treated with budesonide, with rapid clinical improvement and resolution of inflammatory markers. Follow-up magnetic resonance enterography performed three months after initiation of treatment demonstrated complete resolution of bowel wall thickening and disappearance of the minimal ascites. Conclusions: Eosinophilic jejuno-duodenitis should be considered in young patients presenting with small bowel thickening, ascites, and peripheral eosinophilia. Awareness of this entity is essential to avoid misdiagnosis and unnecessary invasive procedures.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Emerging Frontiers in CRISPR-Based Strategies for the Detection and Degradation of Microplastics
by
Selma Hamimed, Rayane Merazka, Amel Kamah, Fatima Zohra Kamah and Mouna Keroui
Life 2026, 16(8), 1261; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16081261 - 30 Jul 2026
Abstract
CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-based genome engineering is reshaping how environmental contamination can be interrogated and remediated, offering a level of programmability and specificity that conventional physicochemical workflows seldom match. Microplastics polymer fragments below 5 mm that now pervade virtually every
[...] Read more.
CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-based genome engineering is reshaping how environmental contamination can be interrogated and remediated, offering a level of programmability and specificity that conventional physicochemical workflows seldom match. Microplastics polymer fragments below 5 mm that now pervade virtually every ecosystem are especially difficult to monitor and remove because of their chemical heterogeneity, sub-millimeter size, and capacity to adsorb co-pollutants. This review examines how the molecular logic of CRISPR-Cas systems is being repurposed for two complementary goals: sensitive analytical detection and microbially driven degradation of plastic particles. We first outline the biochemistry of Cas-mediated cis- and trans-cleavage that underpins isothermal, amplification-free biosensing, and then survey direct strategies, in which polymer-binding DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) aptamers are coupled to Cas12a (CRISPR-associated protein 12a), alongside indirect strategies that read out the molecular stress signatures provoked by microplastic exposure in sentinel organisms and plastisphere communities. On the remediation side, we discuss how targeted editing, CRISPR interference, and rationally assembled microbial consortia enhance enzymatic depolymerization and redirect carbon flux toward valuable bioproducts. By integrating detection and remediation within a single conceptual framework, we identify the principal bottlenecks, aptamer selectivity in complex matrices, reagent stability under field conditions, and host metabolic burden, and outline research priorities for translating these tools from proof of concept toward deployable environmental technologies.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry, Biophysics and Computational Biology)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Reveals Distinct Temporal Accumulation Patterns of Metabolites in Reproductive Organs of Purple- and White-Flowered Platycodon grandiflorus Across Developmental Stages
by
Jun Lao, Nannan Wang, Chuyu Yao and Xiangmin Piao
Life 2026, 16(8), 1260; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16081260 - 30 Jul 2026
Abstract
Background: Flower color is a well-defined trait in Platycodon grandiflorus, whereas little is known about the effects of flower color variation on the metabolic profiles of reproductive organs. Triterpenoid saponins and flavonoids have common precursors upstream, suggesting a potential carbon flux trade-off. Methods:
[...] Read more.
Background: Flower color is a well-defined trait in Platycodon grandiflorus, whereas little is known about the effects of flower color variation on the metabolic profiles of reproductive organs. Triterpenoid saponins and flavonoids have common precursors upstream, suggesting a potential carbon flux trade-off. Methods: Untargeted UPLC-MS/MS metabolomics was performed on the reproductive organs of purple- and white-flowered P. grandiflorus at six stages of flower development. Mfuzz time-series clustering, PCA, and metabolite correlation networks were used for data analysis. Results: Six clusters were assigned to 25 metabolites (17 triterpenoid saponins and 8 flavonoids). Flavonoid glycosides were found to possess a conserved inverted V-shaped accumulation pattern in both germplasms. By contrast, saponins derived from triterpenoids showed strong germplasm-dependent accumulation patterns. White-flowered plants showed sustained accumulation, with a peak at the young fruit stage. In purple-flowered plants, accumulation peaked transiently at the withering stage, followed by a decline. PCA validated that metabolic divergence increased with developmental progression. Conclusions: Based on the metabolomic profiles, we hypothesize a putative trade-off model in which floral color divergence may change upstream carbon flux allocation between the triterpenoid saponin and flavonoid pathways. The young fruit stage of white-flowered plants is a candidate harvesting period for bioactive saponins. These conclusions are based only on the pattern of metabolite accumulation and need to be validated by multi-omics.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Regulation of Natural Product Biosynthesis in Medicinal Plants)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Journal Menu
► ▼ Journal Menu-
- Life Home
- Aims & Scope
- Editorial Board
- Reviewer Board
- Topical Advisory Panel
- Instructions for Authors
- Special Issues
- Topics
- Sections & Collections
- Article Processing Charge
- Indexing & Archiving
- Editor’s Choice Articles
- Most Cited & Viewed
- Journal Statistics
- Journal History
- Journal Awards
- Society Collaborations
- Conferences
- Editorial Office
Journal Browser
► ▼ Journal BrowserHighly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Geriatrics, IJMS, Life, Sports, Neurology International, Obesities
Exercise and Human Aging: Physiological and Psychological Functions
Topic Editors: Samuel Da Silva Aguiar, Ismael Perez-SuarezDeadline: 20 September 2026
Topic in
Nutrients, Metabolites, Healthcare, Children, Obesities, Life
Non-Communicable Diseases Silent Killer: Metabolic and Obesity Risks of Sedentary Behaviors
Topic Editors: Kotsedi Daniel Monyeki, Machoene Derrick SekgalaDeadline: 30 September 2026
Topic in
Molecules, Biomimetics, Chemosensors, Life, AI, Sci
Recent Advances in Chemical Artificial Intelligence
Topic Editors: Pier Luigi Gentili, Jerzy Górecki, David C Magri, Pasquale StanoDeadline: 15 October 2026
Topic in
Cells, IJMS, Metabolites, Physiologia, Life
Animal Models of Human Disease 3.0
Topic Editors: Sigrun Lange, Jameel M. InalDeadline: 31 October 2026
Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
Life
Plant Post-Transcriptional Regulation
Guest Editor: Haihui FuDeadline: 1 August 2026
Special Issue in
Life
Skin Models and 3D Tissue: Fungal Infections and Antifungals
Guest Editors: Marisa Meloni, Salvatore Prete, Antonio Del PreteDeadline: 5 August 2026
Special Issue in
Life
Advances in Geriatric Medicine: Risk Assessment, Biomarkers, and Management Strategies
Guest Editors: Nadya Kagansky, Yochai LevyDeadline: 18 August 2026
Special Issue in
Life
Current Research on Dermatology: Pathology, Clinical Manifestation, Investigation and Therapy—Third Edition
Guest Editor: Alin Laurentiu TatuDeadline: 18 August 2026
Topical Collections
Topical Collection in
Life
Antimicrobial Resistance
Collection Editors: Caterina Aurilio, Antonella Paladini, Pasquale Sansone, Vincenzo Pota
Topical Collection in
Life
Heart Failure and Heart Transplantation
Collection Editors: Rasmus Rivinius, Andreas Doesch, Daniel Oehler
Topical Collection in
Life
State of the Art in Plant Science
Collection Editors: Kousuke Hanada, Yoshiteru Noutoshi



